Men Are More Likely to Commit Crime Than Women

Criminal commitment is one of serious problem in society. There is a question that crime is committed by more men or women. Some people think that women are considered as higher rate in criminals than men. In contrast, others, including me, are in favor of contrary opinion. The first reason is that men are usually quick-tempered. When, problems happen, instead of discuss gently to find out measures, men frequently talk loudly and beat others. For example, if an accident occurs, men are often furious. They also use rough word to talk. Thus, they possibly hit each other easily.Male self-esteem is quite high, too. Men, due to a little lack of respect from other people, will be angry easily. Additionally, men always want to be respected and admired by other people. They are proud of themselves and want that others also appreciate them. They find many ways to prove themselves. They do special or strange things to attract attention. They let others know that they have ability, power and st rength. Many hackers just hack website because of simple reasons, such as demand in showing competence Finally, men are the backbones of families. They have to shoulder great responsibility.One of them is finance. Men are more likely need to find jobs which can help their families pay living expenses. However it is not easy. Consequently, they may earn money by illegal ways, such as: fraud, robbery, smuggling†¦ In some case, men commit crimes accidently. When their family is damaged by others, they are forced to fight in order to protect their family. There are quitter a lot of case that as a consequence of self-defense, men commit manslaughter. Concluded, men are easier becomes criminals than women because of their personality and responsibility.

Lascia Ch’Io Pianga Analysis Essay

The analysis of the aria â€Å"Lascia ch’io pianga† by Haendel according to the thorough bass method, shows us how the composer refer in this piece to the typical compositional procedures of baroque music. The aria starts with a pedal (frame, according to Joel Lester’s terminology) followed by a cadence harmonized according the regle de l’octave both in ascending and descending motion (MM. 5-8). The second episode starting at M. 8 consists of a sequence, precisely a modified sequence, in which the subsequent is slightly modified at the end introducing a new harmony on the second beat of M. 12 that leads to a final cadence with a modulation to the original key. The regle is always working also in the sequence, it is just applied chromatically according the harmonic context. After two repetitions of the first phrase, with a small difference in MM. 17 and 34 with a 6-chord instead of a 5-chord on the second subdivision of the second beat, we have the last section of the aria, before the da capo. In this last section there is a modified sequence (MM. 35 to 39) followed by a cadence that leads to the end of the piece. In general, most of the harmonies in the piece reflect the indications of the regle but there are some exceptions. The most interesting part in which the regle is not applied is at the very beginning of the aria: the use of 7 on the second degree, instead of 6. This is the harmony that more that any other characterizes this piece, giving a smoother flavor to the passage than the dominant harmony suggested by the regle. Aside from the exception, it is interesting to see where Haendel follows strictly the regle, and this happens in every final cadence, probably as a sign that in the closing sections the use of the regle is more functional and gives a stronger sense of harmonic definition. In the fundamental bass, the bass line consists of a series of roots that not only represent the roots of the harmonies built on top of then, but also physically generates these harmonies. Any kind of harmony should be reduced to triads and sevenths and the motion of the bass-line should be by fifths and fourths. In â€Å"Lascia ch’io pianga† is possible to understand all the harmonies as fifths and sevenths but the bass-line motion not always moves naturally by fifths and fourths. In many cases, through the use of the double-emploi, is has been possible to correct some irregular motions into fifth motion, but still for some of them it hasn’t been possible. Probably the most evident example is the motion by second occurring between MM. 6 and 7, and between MM. 11 and 12. The fundamental-bass analysis bring into play notes that are supposed, that are not in the score but affect the music as the roots of a tree feed the last leaf on the highest branch. In this case, we can see how the sense of motion that we perceive listening to this aria is perfectly explained and justified by the succession of seventh chord and fifth chord, as the epitome of the arsi-tesi feeling in music. Even in the first two measures, that look really simple in the thorough bass analysis, we can still discover something that makes this beginning not so obvious. In the first measure the F is transformed into D with a seventh chord on top, and the accumulation of this seventh with the next one in the second measure create a sense of instability and a need to resolve. In the next measures this tension will be released through a succession of 5-chord with two final combinations 7-5 to close the episode.

Black People and Civil War Essay

The civil war ended in 1865 May 10 when the confederates surrendered to the union. After the civil war was over all of the slaves became free. They were call freedman. In some states they were not one hundred percent free though. Even though the slaves became free white people still did not like them and they were very racist to them. In Mississippi they had black codes which restricted blacks to do many things. How did whites attempt to reimpose bondage on their former slaves? The African Amercian’s were not allowed to rent or lease land and if they did they would be sued. The African Americans were not allowed to marry white people. If they did they would be guilty of felony and be sentenced to state jail for life. Whites still needed some labor help so they offered blacks to do some labor work and they would be payed. If the blacks were hired to work longer than a month then both the worker and the owner would have to have a written contract. If the worker quit before the contract was over without a good cause then the worker would have give back all of the money they got payed from the owner which is awful because blacks could get injured and the owner would not care and want the money they payed them back. Even if it was one day before the contract was over, but the owner would have really cruel to have done that. If the worker violated the contract than any white can arrest him and bring the black to jail. Blacks that were under the age of eighteen that did not have parents to provide and take care of them then the original owner can take the minor into their home and be their legal guardian. The owner was not allowed to give the minor cruel punishment. If whites see blacks who don’t come to work, get drunk in public, leave families, or misuse their money earned then they can be fined one hundred dollars and will have to go to jail no longer than ten days. If whites caught blacks over the age of eighteen living with whites or if they don’t have a job then the blacks would be fined fifty dollars and go to jail no more than ten days. The whites would be fined two hundred dollars and they would have to go to jail no less then six months. Blacks got the better deal off of that law, but the meaning was really hurtful to the blacks because the white people would get more in trouble then the black people would. It was like saying they hate blacks, but they hated the whites who liked the blacks more. Blacks were not even allowed to have weapons unless they were in the military, not even a knife. Everyone should have the right to protect their selves and their family. They needed the weapons especially because they just became free and many white people were angry that they became free and may try to harm them. On the bright side it kept them away from revenge on their master or any other enemies. If blacks disturbed the whites in any way from language to violence, trespassing, selling liquor without a license, being a minister of a church without a license, or cruel treatment to animals can be fined ten to one hundred dollars depending on the crime and serving ten to thirty days in jail. This law can be abused and white people could get the blacks in trouble because no one would know if the white people actually felt disturbed they could have been getting them in trouble because they were racist. Where whites successful to reimpose bondage on their former slaves? Yes, whites were very successful. Even though the blacks were free they took away many rights from them. They also made it impossible for blacks not to get into trouble. Abram Colby was beaten by members of the Klu Klux Klan on October 29, 1869. They took him to the woods and whipped him for three hours. The members of the Klu Klux Klan left him there and thought he died. In 1872 he was asked to testify in Washington and he did. He told them the whole story and the the members of the Klu Klux Klan were a lawyer, doctor, and farmers. The Klu Klux Klan killed many blacks during the time. Most of the time they got away with it because the leaders of the Klu Klux Klan were a bunch of high powered white people that were sheriffs,lawyers, and doctors. Where the freed slaves actually free? Overall they were free from slavery, but whites got every single chance they did to get the blacks in trouble with the law. Laws that were very strict that whites could not even abide by them, which was hypocritical. They pretty much took away their chances of becoming successful. The blacks were free from being someones slave. They were not as free as the whites were. Works Cited . N. p.. Web. 5 Feb 2014. . Sterling, D. .

Career Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Career Plan - Essay Example The third stage involves a decision making process, where an individual has to choose a particular career specialization from a variety of options. Lastly, an individual needs to formulate an action plan and ensure that they execute the provision of the plan in consideration of the stipulated period (Perry, Nancy, & Zark, p. 22). The career enables individuals to ensure the creation of an effective financial management system for companies through the provision of consultation services. It also enables individuals to acquire entrepreneurial skills that enable them to become job creators rather than job seekers. A career in accounting involves the collection, processing, and presentation of financial information. This occurs through the preparation of accounting reports that aid the management of an organization, as well as the stakeholders in decision-making. The career involves the ability to carry out an independent audit on the financial statements of a particular organization to determine their true and fair view. It also involves the ability to perform taxation computations for different organizations for purposes of tax advice and filling of tax returns. This paper gives a career plan for a successful career in the accounting field. It gives the analysis of the strengths and weaknesses that determines the level of career success. It also analyzes the formulated goals and objectives and the process that ensures their accomplishment. This paper also gives a projection of an ideal state in five years’ time. This shows the focus and objectives put in place for the achievement of a successful career. It also gives a projection of the most likely state in five years’ time. It is evident that most individual do not achieve their plan due to several factors that becomes the reality of the matter. Lastly, there is the formulation of an action plan that gives the necessary steps that could minimize the difference between the gap of the

Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 8

Human Resource Management - Essay Example It was only the people who could lead an organization in the right direction and could individually and collectively contribute to achievement of the business objectives (Armstrong, 1992) At present Human Resource management is a fast evolving field that has emerged as one of the focal points of any business. It is Human resource management that addresses the theoretical and practical techniques of managing a workforce. Many people have the perception that only job of the human resource management department is to consider present or upcoming job vacancies and fill them with suitable staff. Well, that’s not entirely untrue but human resource management entails much more than hiring firing decisions. (Armstrong, 1992) HRM includes many different functions which contribute to organizational value in a variety of ways. Some of these functions also contribute by reducing risk. In this essay we will firstly examine the major HR functions and then consider the extent to which these functions add value and reduce risk. (Armstrong, 1992) It is important to understand that the role of HRM as a department varies from organization to organization and also between countries. For the sake of simplicity we will assume an organization where there is a significant HR department. Generally the department will be considered to have the following responsibilities: Resource Management refers to the recruitment and selection of employees within an organization. The importance of effective recruitment programs cannot be highlighted enough. The HR department is the entry point or the funnel which channels the most valuable resource of an organization, so it is important that it is aware of organizational needs and requirements and work in tandem with other departments. Therefore resource management remains to be HR departments’ key roles; newer concepts such as knowledge management are linked to Resource management as well. One important

How will electronics fit into your professional life Assignment

How will electronics fit into your professional life - Assignment Example It is amazing to how electronics have changed for the past ten years (Aubusson, Schuck & Burden, 2009). New technologies are coming up each day making my professional life more exciting and easier. Various professions are in need of constant communications. Mobile devices such as smart phones have made communication possible. My devices have made it possible to communicate with colleagues, friends and other professionals. Social media and electronic communication have developed new ways of extending and promoting working life. From blackberry phones to iPhone, technology continues to change after day (Aubusson, Schuck & Burden, 2009). We are aware that new technologies are emerging as a result of innovation that is in various parts of the world. We all depend on technology and utilize it to accomplish certain tasks in the day to day activities. Technology is being initiated and implemented in all circles of life (Eschenbrenner & Nah, 2007). They are everywhere, in our offices, hospital, transport system and the other spheres of life. It is indeed true that we can’t perform well in the absence of technology. Technology has become a priority in many companies and organization. It is, therefore, important for us to learn how to utilize the various technological devices at our disposal. As the world continued to develop, it is of essences to be updated with new technology since technology keep on varying. In the business, for example, technology is important in saving and withdrawing money. The use of technology in business has resulted in extensive benefits yet fewer human resources are in the process. Technology has also been of the essence in storage of the day to day information. Some of this information are vital and is often protected by the same device. Unlike in the past when communication was done by sending letters and waiting for the postal services to deliver and retrieve information, current technology has made it easier for professional to

Today's Youth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Today's Youth - Essay Example This includes the following: connectivity, interactivity and access (Sipe & Pantaleo, 2008). Interactivity pertains â€Å"to the dynamic, user-controlled, nonlinear, non-sequential, complex information behavior and representation in or† associated to print materials and other media (Sipe & Pantaleo, 2008, p.41). Connectivity on the other hand â€Å"refers to the sense of community or construction of social worlds† which develops from changing ideas (Sipe & Pantaleo, 2008, p.41). Access refers to the disintegrating of long-standing information barriers which creates an entrance â€Å"to a wide diversity of formerly inaccessible† opportunity and opinion (Sipe & Pantaleo, 2008, p.41). In this context, when the theory is applied to explain the behavior of the digital age youth, the following changes could be made clear: (1) changes in their perceptions (2) changes in how they analyze and learn (3) changes in the information and ideas to which they have access. Two Te xt Based Today’s youths are described to be fearless. They are not afraid in voicing out their ideas and concerns; they speak their mind (Anon., 2001). They are never tired asking questions (Anon., 2001). Stated otherwise, the youths of today are very courageous and idealistic. They are not afraid of public scrutiny. It seems that what is important for them is that they are able to express their idea and be heard by everyone. It is contended that the digital age has triggered this kind of attitude. The youths have mastered the use of many types of digital equipment which could show and relay their beliefs and ideas. Nonetheless, their being too vocal has a known disadvantage. Some would perceive their boldness as being disrespectful (Anon., 2001). The adults believe that there are topics which are ought to be discussed privately and not publicly. Nevertheless, they have not admonished the youths regarding this matter. According to Momma Hawks, the adults are afraid of the eff ects of such action (Anon., 2001). They are specifically afraid of the sanctions that the government would impose against them (Anon., 2001). To note, when the parents admonish their son or daughter, there is a possibility that their child will report such action in a negative way to a government agency. According to Connor and Crane (2008, p.155), the younger generation of today has been raised to adhere to the idea on individualism. They have been thought to think of themselves first before anything else. In this sense, they learn to disregard even the advices of the people surrounding them. Sometimes, they even defy the authority. This attitude has led some of them to be an activist. One Web-based Nigel Davies has expressed his amazement on how the youths of today adopt to new technologies. He observed that the youths use the technologies with speed and ease (Davies, 2010). Some of the youths could even â€Å"type their names long before they could write† (Davies, 2010). I t seems that they find it easy to learn the basic functions of these technologies especially computers. This is due to the fact that these new technologies are usually user-friendly. Being user-friendly means that a technology could easily be used by anyone. This presupposes that the use of such technology is founded on simple and understandable instructions. Relevance to Gramsci’s Notion on Hegemony Gramsci actually believes that hegemony is an organising principle, one that is permeated by socialisation process into every aspect of daily life

Comparing Rawls and Hayek Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Comparing Rawls and Hayek - Essay Example Hayek highlights that freedom entailed acting on an individual’s own free will and not on the will or command of others or situations. He covers all the types of freedom that he experienced in the First World War that is political freedom, personal freedom and economic freedom. On the other hand, John Rawls was a philosopher who originated from America and fought or participated in the Second World War. He was responsible for developing the theory of justice which was a concept of ethical, rationality, law, equity and fairness (Bellamy). Rawls argues that justice is fairness and the same justice is responsible for the existence of liberty within the society. Rawls believes that for social institutions to be operational or function properly, justice is necessary in forming the foundations, defining the base and also veiling the position of ignorance within the society. Hayek and Rawls both supported liberalism in their different writings and speech. They talked in unison that p eople were free to exercise their ideas without barriers as long as their idea were not ill motivated or malicious in any way and that the state was there to support them and ensure that their rights, that is of freedom of speech, were practiced and equally enjoyed by all individuals from different classes, ages, ethnical backgrounds and races. Hayek and Rawls both agreed that the government was created for the citizens, by the citizens and to serve the citizens and rebuffed other notion of the other way round that the citizens were meant to serve the government. They were both liberal as they preached the principles of justice, freedom and equality to the public as they both advocated for basic rights such like education, food, shelter, medication and clothing to all citizens. Both Hayek and Rawls were using the society as their main source of reference in their various thoughts and intransient differences, thereby making the citizens the centre of their struggles for freedom and j ustice. This is as per what they experienced in world war one and world war two respectively. The various ideas they tried to put in action were all directed towards the unification of their different ideologies, in favor of the citizens, on how things are done or should be carried out within the society (Hayek 78). Both Hayek and Rawls place emphasis on Rawls theory of the veil of ignorance intended to make us blind to our unique differences as human beings. They both campaign on the interests of democracy as they try to shun the inhabitants of a strong and peacefully democracy. They both argue that in the interest of democracy, ideologies should be placed together to accommodate the different thoughts and lifestyles of individuals coming from different backgrounds and possessing different ideologies in the society. This is because the society consists if unique human beings with unique qualities, backgrounds, class and preferences. However, Rawls and Hayek do not come to an agreem ent thus do not resolve their arguments in order to find solutions and how solutions are reached in different situations. In fact, they completely clash and each has their own viewpoint of the solution to their matching theories and ideologies. Rawls argues that agreements on particular matters can be reached whereas Hayek does not believe that this can happen. Hayek believes that the

Natural gas industry n Mexico and South America - Outlook Case Study

Natural gas industry n Mexico and South America - Outlook - Case Study Example Energy Information Administration 1-57). This reserve of natural gas was valued at 688 trillion cubic feet. Mexico and South America are the major exporters of natural gas and mainly the United States imported natural gas from these regions. However, the United States has now developed its own reserve of natural gas and crude oil and thus, domestic production has become a substitute of its imports. Almost 80% of the total natural gas that is produced in the region of Mexico and South America is generally circulated to the neighboring nations in terms of exports and imports through pipelines (U.S. Energy Information Administration 1-57). The rest is traded domestically in the form of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG). With the increase in Shale gas in these regions, it is expected that exports of natural gas would increase. There are also propositions to expand the Panama Canal and this would help to distribute LNG efficiently. The easy availability of resources concerning hydrocarbons and the feasibility to use advanced technology has enable the increase in natural gas production. Investment by companies in natural gas has also increased. Countries which are more open to foreign investments and have less restrictions and regulation related to foreign taxes and business operations, invite and encourage more companies for investment (U.S. Energy Information Administration 1-57). Brazil in South America has an investment friendly environment for the foreign companies and Mexico is on the process of adopting energy policies that would encourage foreign investment. Massive investment in these regions has been made by China (Economides and Wood 1-13). The above figure shows the natural gas reserves and resources of the various regions of America. The area of interest in this study aims to throw light on the trends and pattern in Mexico and South America. Countries like Venezuela, Argentina, Colombia and Ecuador helps to

Cin the Aztec Civilization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Cin the Aztec Civilization - Essay Example Much of what has long thought to be true about the long-lost Aztec empire, including their sacrificial rituals involving cannibalistic practices, traces back to the information compiled by a Franciscan monk named Bernardino de Sahagun. Sahagun's work, the Florentine Codex, was a detailed accounting of the cultural beliefs and practices of the Aztec people, designed primarily for the purpose of instructing other Christian missionaries in how best to facilitate the conversion of the indigenous tribes to Christianity. It is certainly interesting, of course, if not necessarily truly ironic that the one of the fundamental doctrines of Catholicism is transubstantiation, or the consumption of bread and wine that has been transformed into the actual flesh and blood of Jesus Christ. An argument can therefore be made that the religious conversion of the Aztecs was ignited in part due to their practices of human sacrifice and cannibalism was instructed by Europeans who themselves practiced a fo rm of cannibalism and whose entire religion is based on the necessity of a human sacrifice. Almost everything that is known about Aztec human sacrifices and cannibalistic practices is, therefore, filt... s have been forwarded to offer an alternative to Sahagun's original observations of Aztec rituals that had been distorted following the original publication due to misinterpretations, exaggeration and the natural human desire to simplify actions one has trouble understanding. Although the Aztec civilization was deemed to be a violent one, the Europeans were themselves no stranger to violence, therefore it was the human sacrifice more than anything else that assaulted their sensibilities. Perhaps s this assault was intensified by the justification and rationale of the natives that it was done in the name of religion. Huitzilopochtli was the Aztec god of the sun, viewed as the source of all life. The Aztecs believed that this source must be kept moving in order to keep it from disappearing forever into the darkness of night and so to accomplish this (Alves 43). The way to accomplish this task had to do with the belief that the sun needed to be nourished with blood; as a result, human sacrifice was a necessary ingredient for prolonging the existence of all humankind. In fact, there is an eschatological element to the ritual in that the Aztecs believed that appeasing their gods not only ensured life, but also staved off chaos. "In most cases, the victim was dressed, painted and ornamented so as to represent the god who was being worshipped; and thus it was the god himself who died before his own image and in his own temple, just as all the gods had accepted death in the first days for the salvation of the world. And when ritual cannibalism was practiced on certain occasions, it was the god's own fl esh that the faithful ate in their bloody communion" (Soustelle 98). Therefore, it was probably not necessarily the idea of consuming a human heart that so perturbed

Global Warming Essay Example for Free

Global Warming Essay One of the biggest problems facing the world today is global warming. Many scientists believe that our production of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases is having a heating effect on the atmosphere, and this could be very dangerous for human life. This essay will examine the problem of global warming and suggest some ways of solving the problem. Many problems could result from global warming. One of the biggest problems is rising sea level. This could result in the flooding of low lying coastal areas and cities, such as Egypt, the Netherlands, and Bangladesh. Some countries might even disappear completely! Another problem caused by global warming is changes in weather patterns. Many areas of the world are experiencing increased hurricanes, floods, and other unusual weather. A third problem associated with global warming is the effect on animals. Fish populations could be affected, while some insects which spread disease might become more common. There are several things we can do to solve the problem of global warming. One solution is to stop producing C02. We can do this by switching from oil, coal and gas to renewable energy. Another solution is to plant more trees. Trees absorb carbon dioxide and produce oxygen, which is not a greenhouse gas. A third solution is to use less energy and to recycle more products. Generating electricity is one of the main sources of carbon dioxide. If we use less electricity, we will produce less C02. In conclusion, if we make small changes now in the way we live, we can avoid huge changes in the future. Scientists, governments and individuals must work together to overcome this threat.

Sociology of Food Essay Essay Example for Free

Sociology of Food Essay Essay I had never actually given thought to what I ate, who I ate with, and where I ate, till now. I understood that eating was a need henceforth not thought about. The food log assignment has actually open the topic of eating and allowed me to have a different perspective of my eating habits. Food is a form of survival. However it also bring about with it; habits, rituals, and characteristics to its consumers. Before reading Belasco I took eating for granted. I now have begun to see how much food actually does affect our past, present, and our future. The theory of the Food Triangle that Belasco discusses in his book tries to simplify this phenomenon of â€Å"food. † Although simple in form the triangle holds a great weight in meaning. The realization that came to me while reading the chapters and also viewing the hunger planet photo essay, is that I am more a part of the convenience corner of the food triangle. I think this is because of the American culture that I have grown up in. I state this because of the common ideal that â€Å"time is money† which is persistent in our culture. By writing the food log I saw that I seem to always be eating on the go. Whether I stop to get drive thru McDonalds or bring my food with me I am constantly eating alone. This is convenient for me since I have school, work, and a family to balance and eating on the go allows me handle all my responsibilities as a student, an employee, as well as a mother. This may show that we are moving away from the trend of sitting down for meals or even making food part of a social event. The triangle however allows a person or a group to be a part of any combination of the three corners of the triangle which include the responsibility and identity corner as well as the convenience corner. For example for myself I may say I am part of the convenience corner but when it comes to feeding my children I definitely partake in the other two corners. When my schedule allows me to cook for my children the cooking involves more ethnic Salvadoran foods. I also try to include healthier foods such as vegetables and fruits. I may eat fast foods but I hardly ever feed it to my children. This puts me in both the identity corner and responsibility corner of the triangle, since I want my children to taste foods from their heritage as well as try to improve their health by eating better foods. Belasco? s reference that culture is depicted by a cuisine also triggered my interest. Farb and Armelagos comparison between cuisine to a culture’s language states that cuisine like communication is a communication system that’s inherited form birth and will always be a part of that person even if the travel elsewhere. I agree to this point of view but also believe that people adapt to their surroundings. As Dr. Grigorian stated in class food culture is not stagnant we are always evolving and there for our methods of food consumption have changed to. As a first generation Salvadoran-American I have become accustomed to both my heritage foods but the food culture of the U. S. is also a major part of my life. Although it may be a belief that America cannot have a culture because we have no set ? cuisine? I would to tend to disagree because throughout the world the â€Å"American culture† is seen. For example in many of the photographs in, the Times article, Hungry Planet many American items are seen in the pictures, such as Coke. I believe this also helps my idea that the convenience corner of the food triangle comes more into play. I believe the ideology of time is expanding and prepackaged foods are just another way to save time. However not everyone is seen with prepackaged items. This may relate to economic factors and it may be more convenient for some people to use what’s readily available to them rather than to have to travel to acquire the prepackaged items. I do believe that Identity plays a big role of why some communities (cultures) may not use prepackaged items but then again availability of these items might be a greater issue. All in all, the convenience corner seems to be where I stand but that may be because of the culture that I am part of. Identity has a role in my eating habits but honestly the responsibility corner is not something I actually give much thought too. It seems maybe because of where I live that the world around me has about the same connection to the food triangle.

What Is Meant By Personality Dynamics Psychology Essay

What Is Meant By Personality Dynamics Psychology Essay Every person is unique not merely, because people are genetically different. On the contrary, identical twins have the same DNA. However, despite the similarity, the twins will still be two different persons. This implies that there are certain qualities that set a person apart from the others. Theoretically, this will involve the manner of nurturance or upbringing. Nonetheless, this does not account on the divergence among different persons thoughts, aspirations, behaviors, preferences, feelings, and reactions. Across the centuries, the notion that thinkers came up with to explain and or describe the similarities and differences in the individuality that each person possess is known as personality. In a stricter sense, Susan C. Cloninger defined personality as the underlying causes within the person of individual behavior and experience (2008; 2). Personalities differ from one group of traits to another. More than 2000 years ago, Hippocrates had already separated four types of temperament to describe people. He made four basic categories namely: choleric, melancholic, sanguine and phlegmatic (Colininger, 2008; 3). Describing personality requires the evaluation of its type, factors and traits. Colininger explained that personality dynamics are the mechanisms by which personality is expressed (2008;5). Motivations influence the personality. Motivations are the underlying reasons or caused that drive the person to act in certain ways. Different psychologists have different speculations about the motivational factors that underlie personality. Freud argued that sexual urges are the source of motivation while Carl Rogers believed that the motivation has developmental roots. Alfred Alder and Rudolf Dreikurs asserts that personality motivations involve being goal-oriented and a process of self-creation (9). In the same context, Henry Murray put forward that there are interrelated motivations that affects the personality. All of these motivational theories imply that people react to the changes in themselves and their environment. Personality dynamics denote that personality is something that develops in the persons consciousness. The reaction shows growth and progress in the individual. Personal dynamics as a whole require the person to adapt and to adjust in his living environment and situation. How do cognitive processes and culture relate to personality dynamics? In the study of personality dynamics and the exploration of motivational factors, it is inevitable to include the process and function of cognition into the equation. For the most part, cognition refers to the manner of perception. Cognitive processes therefore include the thinking and the learning development of an individual. In the Psychoanalytic theory, Freud emphasized that the personality dynamics is consist of the ways in which psychic energy us distributed to the id, ego and superego (Corey, 2009; p. 61). Freuds theory revolves around the idea that the cognitive process only happens during the conscious state. Thus, Freud proposed that conscious thought plays only a limited role in personality dynamics (Cloninger, 2008; p. 5). The ego represents consciousness while the superego represents the unconsciousness. The emphasis given by Freud on the superegos role in personality dynamics raised several questions among the thinkers specifically because behavior are predictable and c oping patterns are recognizable. Moreover, humans are able to distinguish how their experiences or previous knowledge affects their future decisions, actions and reactions. The previous knowledge that the person holds is largely determined by the culture in which the person belongs. Personality is not something innate to the individual. Despite the fact that genes affect the capacity of the human physiology, it is obvious that the beliefs, traditions and even the language that the person holds greatly shaped his personality. Consider how the Christian culture and conservative ideologies are related to introvert personalities. The multiculturalism that the United States espouses encouraged individualism that encourages extraverted and assertive behavior (Cloninger, 2008; p. 6). These observations illuminate the fact that the culture in a society affects the individual personality of a person. Carl Jung developed his analytical psychology, which divided the personality dynamics into introverted and extroverted personality. According to Corey, Jung acknowledged, we are not merely shaped by past events, but we are influenced by our future as well (p. 79). J ung also explained that there is a collective unconsciousà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦containing the accumulation of inherited experiences of human and pre-human species (p. 80). This collective unconscious derived from historical experiences and future insights affects the motivations of a person. What are some important influences on personality development? Clearly, personality is not something that encrypted into the persons mind when he was born. Personality is something that develops out of the persons interaction to other people and the environment. Moreover, personality is not something permanent. It could change or develop or progress depending on the individuals reaction towards event and circumstances in life. In relation to the process of development, Cloninger explained that biological influences and social development influences are the two major factors that affects the development of personality. The biological influences are those behavior that are observable and consistent behavior from birth onwards. This consistency in behavior and emotional reactions present from early life onward is called temperament (Cloninger, 2008 p. 6). Modern scientific findings seems to support the claim that personality is significantly influenced by hereditary (2008, p. 6). This does not mean that genes alone determine the personality of the person because the biological person needs to adapt into the environment as well. In this regard, one could observe that as a person grows older, their personality changes. The person does not only develop physical but also psychologically. The changes in the persons cognitive skills could also help establish the fact that personality develops. Furthermore, most of the theorist in personality believes that the experiences in childhood greatly affect the current psychological state of mind of the adult person. The evidence of this claim lies on the possibiliyu of developing skills and acquiring knowledge. Aside from the cognitive development, the persons emotions are also considered to affect their personality when they enter adulthood. For instance, if the parent-child relationship during childhood years is not satisfactory, then the child also might neglect his/her offspring in the future or they might shower the child with excessive love and affection. This implies that childhood experiences affects personality development. From this perspective, it could be sur mised that personality is not solely determine by genetics and personality could change over time.

Essay --

Forgotten women activists This section will highlight some of the women who were active in the civil rights movement as well as the roles they played. Because the events of the civil rights movement were quite immeasurable, it is often hard to name every single person involved. Consequently, some people who advocated for the beliefs of the civil right movements were often left out of the discussion unless their case made it to mainstream media. It does not mean that they served as a lesser influence or didn’t contribute as much; it simply means that the courageous act that they performed did not receive universal recognition due to not being present in the media sources. No matter how big or small their contributions seemed to be, collectively, they all contributed to our freedom today. The first person that comes to mind is Claudette Colvin. Colvin was the fist African American to resist white officials and remained seated when asked to give her seat to a white American. She was later arrested for the lack to comply with the segregation law of Montgomery, Alabama. She served as an inspiration for other people to stop being passive when dealing with the white Americans. The civil rights movement still quite new and no one had stepped up yet, quite possibly due to fear. When discussing the bus boycotting and how it began, Colvin is not mentioned because her incident did not receive any news coverage. Among four other women, she was required to attend a federal court case Browder v. Gayle, which determined that segregation laws in Montgomery were unconstitutional due to the fourteenth amendment that gave equal rights under the law. The case later went to the Supreme Court who made the same ruling, confirming the decision made in f... ... During Dr. King’s fight for the advancement and equality of African Americans, Scoot-King stood by his side in support of the cause. In many situations, she was in attendance at countless events and mass meetings that her husband was featured in despite the fact that she had three young children in that timeframe. This is also true about the actions sponsored by the NAACP as well as other organizations that stood for the rights and equal treatment of African Americans. Even after his death, Coretta Scott King continued to stand for the ideas that her husband imparted into the hearts and minds of black people. Until her passing in 2006,strived to keep his legacy alive by continuing to attend seminars, meetings, and demonstrations in order to enforce the equal treatment of African Americans. He has even served as a keynote speaker on the subject in several occasions. Essay -- Forgotten women activists This section will highlight some of the women who were active in the civil rights movement as well as the roles they played. Because the events of the civil rights movement were quite immeasurable, it is often hard to name every single person involved. Consequently, some people who advocated for the beliefs of the civil right movements were often left out of the discussion unless their case made it to mainstream media. It does not mean that they served as a lesser influence or didn’t contribute as much; it simply means that the courageous act that they performed did not receive universal recognition due to not being present in the media sources. No matter how big or small their contributions seemed to be, collectively, they all contributed to our freedom today. The first person that comes to mind is Claudette Colvin. Colvin was the fist African American to resist white officials and remained seated when asked to give her seat to a white American. She was later arrested for the lack to comply with the segregation law of Montgomery, Alabama. She served as an inspiration for other people to stop being passive when dealing with the white Americans. The civil rights movement still quite new and no one had stepped up yet, quite possibly due to fear. When discussing the bus boycotting and how it began, Colvin is not mentioned because her incident did not receive any news coverage. Among four other women, she was required to attend a federal court case Browder v. Gayle, which determined that segregation laws in Montgomery were unconstitutional due to the fourteenth amendment that gave equal rights under the law. The case later went to the Supreme Court who made the same ruling, confirming the decision made in f... ... During Dr. King’s fight for the advancement and equality of African Americans, Scoot-King stood by his side in support of the cause. In many situations, she was in attendance at countless events and mass meetings that her husband was featured in despite the fact that she had three young children in that timeframe. This is also true about the actions sponsored by the NAACP as well as other organizations that stood for the rights and equal treatment of African Americans. Even after his death, Coretta Scott King continued to stand for the ideas that her husband imparted into the hearts and minds of black people. Until her passing in 2006,strived to keep his legacy alive by continuing to attend seminars, meetings, and demonstrations in order to enforce the equal treatment of African Americans. He has even served as a keynote speaker on the subject in several occasions.

Althea Gibson :: Biography Biographies

Althea Gibson As we look at our past, we are better able to see the positive advances that we have made. One of the greatest obsticles that we have overcome is the barrier of race. Over the last several decades African Americans have had a huge impact on many areas of society such as politics, educatoin and most definately athletics. On August 27, 1927, Althea Gibson was born. She did not enter the world to a life of glamor. From the beginning, her life was a tough one. Her family resided in Harlem during the 1930’s and 40;s. Times were very difficult for the young girl. Her family was on welfare and she, herself was a client of the society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. Because of home life traumas, Althea frequently skipped school. The times that she did go, she struggled though the day. While she was growing up, she also ran away from home numerous times. As any young child would do, Althea searched for an outlet from the everyday hardships of school and home life. This is where she discovered tennis. It all began at local recreation programs where she took up table tennis, or ping pong. Althea had talent right from the beginning. She realized that she, a girl who’s life had been nothing but rough roads and abrupt turns, could be good at something. As she continued to gain interest as well as perfect her table tennis skills, Althea began to compete, and win several local tournaments. Because of these victories,Althea began to get noticed. One man, a musician by the name of Buddy Walker, saw Althea play one day and had a revolation. He figured that if Althea was so good at table tennis, then she would excel in regular tennis as well. At the time, no one realized just how beneficial this idea would be for the young Harlem girl, Althea Gibson. Through donations raised to pay for her membership and lessons, Althea became a member of an African American club called the Harlem Cosmopolitian Tennis Club. It was here that she aquired the skills needed to compete in tennis matches at a higher, more competative level. At the time that Althea was emerging as a recognized tennis player, African American’s opportunities were somewhat limitied. One organization called the American Tennis Association provided tounament opportunities for African American tennis players. In 1942, Althea Gibson had her first landmark Althea Gibson :: Biography Biographies Althea Gibson As we look at our past, we are better able to see the positive advances that we have made. One of the greatest obsticles that we have overcome is the barrier of race. Over the last several decades African Americans have had a huge impact on many areas of society such as politics, educatoin and most definately athletics. On August 27, 1927, Althea Gibson was born. She did not enter the world to a life of glamor. From the beginning, her life was a tough one. Her family resided in Harlem during the 1930’s and 40;s. Times were very difficult for the young girl. Her family was on welfare and she, herself was a client of the society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. Because of home life traumas, Althea frequently skipped school. The times that she did go, she struggled though the day. While she was growing up, she also ran away from home numerous times. As any young child would do, Althea searched for an outlet from the everyday hardships of school and home life. This is where she discovered tennis. It all began at local recreation programs where she took up table tennis, or ping pong. Althea had talent right from the beginning. She realized that she, a girl who’s life had been nothing but rough roads and abrupt turns, could be good at something. As she continued to gain interest as well as perfect her table tennis skills, Althea began to compete, and win several local tournaments. Because of these victories,Althea began to get noticed. One man, a musician by the name of Buddy Walker, saw Althea play one day and had a revolation. He figured that if Althea was so good at table tennis, then she would excel in regular tennis as well. At the time, no one realized just how beneficial this idea would be for the young Harlem girl, Althea Gibson. Through donations raised to pay for her membership and lessons, Althea became a member of an African American club called the Harlem Cosmopolitian Tennis Club. It was here that she aquired the skills needed to compete in tennis matches at a higher, more competative level. At the time that Althea was emerging as a recognized tennis player, African American’s opportunities were somewhat limitied. One organization called the American Tennis Association provided tounament opportunities for African American tennis players. In 1942, Althea Gibson had her first landmark

Historical Account of African-Americans Seeking the American Dream Essa

Historical Account of African-Americans Seeking the American Dream The American Dream began as a vision for the men who framed the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States of America. These two documents provided the foundation upon which the American Dream was built. The reality of the American Dream translated into a nightmare for the African-Americans who had to overcome slavery in order to achieve the ideal that all men are created equally. Their dream did not become a reality with the signing of the Declaration of Independence; in fact, even after slavery was abolished, there was no concrete date established that mandated that whites and African-Americans were equal. The law said the slaves were free; however, society did not consider them equals. The African-American writers utilize the American Dream in their works, but they seem to use it in an interesting manner: connecting to the past in order to realize their future. The slave narratives outline dreams of freedom and often provide insight into the horrors of s lavery, while more contemporary writers use the dream to connect to their characters’ past and the horrors in their lives in order to realize their future. The founding fathers of the United States of America crystalized this country with a "dream". Their dream was a vision of the things they wanted in life and for their country, which was memorialized in the form of the Declaration of Independence. The architects that built this country dreamed that all men would be considered equals and "that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights" including "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness" (Jefferson, 729). The original version of this dream, found in ... ...ument, which made this declaration. The American Dream is a real part of our culture and the dream seems to be a strong theme in the African-American literary canon. Works Cited Bradley, David. The Chaneysville Incident. New York: Harper & Row, 1981. Brent, Linda. Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl. The Classic Slave Narratives. Ed. Henry Louis Gates, Jr. New York: Penguin Group, 1987. Douglass, Frederick. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass. The Classic Slave Narratives. Ed. Henry Louis Gates, Jr. New York: Penguin Group, 1987. Equiano, Olaudah. The Life of Olaudah Equiano. The Classic Slave Narratives. Ed. Henry Louis Gates, Jr. New York: Penguin Group, 1987. King, Jr., Martin Luther. "I Have a Dream." Lincoln Memorial, Washington, D.C. 28 August 1963. Morrison, Toni. Song of Solomon. New York: The Penguin Group, 1977.

Othello (How Is He Lead to His Demise) Essay

Shakespearean writing are ones of which, with a few strokes of a pen, can achieve more than novelists can achieve in a full length novel. Shakespeare’s writing is complex and includes great measures of love, hatred, loyalty, deception and betrayal. These traits of his texts are all evident in Othello. In Act 1, Othello is perceived as a noble moor. With Shakespeare’s invention of the manipulating and cunning Iago, the multi-layered use of Othello’s mothers handkerchief, and Othello’s past military training being resurfaced due to Iago’s lies, all lead Othello to his demise. Deception and betrayal are two of Iago’s worst traits when he is outranked by Cassio. Iago’s capacity for cruelty appears limitless, and no motivation he gives for his actions seems enough to explain the incredible destruction he wreaks on the lives of the people he knows best. His bitterness in not succeeding on becoming lieutenant is not a sufficient enough reason to match his countless acts of evil machinations. Iago uses a subtle approach when provoking Othello to become untrustworthy of Desdemona. He is able to hurt Othello successfully because he understands him so much. He grows closer to Othello as the plot progresses. In Act 2, scene 1 Iago states, â€Å"The moor, howbeit that I endure him not, is of constant, loving, noble nature†. These 3 adjectives indicate his awareness of Othello’s character. As Iago therefore continues to explain that he knows the noble moor would be a deserving husband of his wife, but then uses this knowledge to his power to play with Othello’s thoughts, using his strong love for Desdemona as a portal to self-destruction for all of those he knows best. He makes this statement in soliloquy after Othello and the entire company land on Cyprus. He is able to acknowledge that Othello is a worthy noble man, however, Iago reveals how evil and manipulating he can be, by wanting to utterly destroy Othello’s life and reputation. He is subbed when Othello gives the lieutenant’s position to Cassio. In return he makes ridiculous excuses that Othello slept with his wife Emilia, as another reason for revenge. It is all because of Iago’s cunning and evil power that he ruins these lives for his own sadistic pleasure. The noble moor is led to become the enraged murder when manipulative Iago tells Othello that Desdemona has given his mother’s handkerchief to Cassio. Act 3 Scene 3 is the beginning of Othello’s â€Å"handkerchief plot†, a seemingly insignificant event that becomes the means in which Othello, Desdemona, Cassio, Roderigo, Emilia and even Iago himself are completely undone. The handkerchief symbolizes love and with the manipulation of Iago, great depths of anger and untrustworthiness. Othello tells Desdemona that an Egyptian witch gave it to his mother, and it serves as a love charm. â€Å"Make it a darling like your precious eye. To lose’t or to give’t away were such a prediction as nothing else could match† Othello tells Desdemona. Othello’s simile here is an alarming one as it is evident that if Desdemona was to be unfaithful, the superstitious purposes can be equated in value for a precious bodily organ. Shakespeare cleverly allows this item to move amongst characters in the novel before Othello demands evidence of his wife’s disloyalty to him. Iago has already planned out his scheme before confronting Othello. â€Å"Tell me but this, have you not sometimes seen a handkerchief, spotted with strawberries in your wife’s hand?† Iago uses this rhetorical question as a persuasive technique to make his point more believable. He explains to Othello that earlier that day he seen Cassio wipe his mouth with the handkerchief. We know that Cassio has not seen the item, and it is in Iago’s pocket whilst he asks this question. Othello is so blinded by jealousy that he accepts Iago’s lie as the strongest possible evidence. Although he forgets Desdemona tried to bind his head with it at dinner. Through this imagery and plot device we see that the importance of the handkerchief assists the noble moor in becoming the enraged murderer in scene 5. Scene 5 sees the story unfold and the main characters undone. Othello enters the room as he hovers over Desdemona whilst he tries to prepare himself to kill her. â€Å"It is the cause; it is the cause, my soul, let me not name it to you, you chaste stars! It is the cause†. This use of repetition implies Othello’s constant thought process and how he knows in his mind she has done wrong. He feels as though he must put an end to her betrayal and disloyalty, if not for himself, but for future men she may do it to. His past military training makes the killing of his wife second nature, a routine manoeuvre that’s sees the horrible deed carried out far easier than the circumstances should have allowed. â€Å"Out, strumpet! Weep’st thou for him to my face?† Desdemona is questioned by Othello, asking if she is calling for Cassio right to his face. â€Å"Down, strumpet!†. Othello proceeds to call Desdemona a whore on numerous occasions. This dramatic visualization enforces the idea that Othello has been greatly manipulated. Iago’s words have pushed him to the extent that he can no longer see Desdemona the way he once used too. His second nature of killing and military training is evident when he does not give Desdemona that chance to say a last prayer. He tells her, â€Å"It is too late†, as he smoothers her with the pillow they once both lay on together. This cruel and unfair treatment comes from what he knows best. If in danger, you must protect yourself. Although he was not in physical harm, his heart was in a much deeper pain. He used his unique skills as his defence mechanism to kill. Othello has been considered one of the most painful of Shakespeare’s tragedies. It explores the collapse of a proud, honourable man, the killing of a beautiful, dedicated woman, and the unreasoning hate of a â€Å"motiveless† villain. The text has evoked terror and pity in audiences throughout the centuries. Othello however holds a power that is perhaps more abrupt and strongly felt for operating on the personal, human plane.

Juvenile Recidivism Essay

Recidivism is when someone returns to the same behavior that they were previously doing (Unruh, Gau, & Waintrup, 2009). There are many factors that raise the risk of juvenile recidivism such as single parenting, and even when the parents become involved in drug use. When juveniles become high risk for recidivism it is important that the adults whether it be the parents, teachers or any adult in authority step in to help the juvenile to make better choices. By an adult taking an interest in the child it can prevent them from falling into a group that becomes high risk. From 1984 through 1997 a 71% there was a rise in crimes committed by juveniles that were also violent offences (Jenson, & Howard, 1998, p. 325). Recidivism is when someone returns to the same behavior that they were previously doing (Unruh, Gau, & Waintrup, 2009). Martin (2011), also states that recidivism is â€Å"†¦(the process of relapsing into criminal behavior)† (p. 306). According to Nijhof, et al (2008), â€Å"JUVENILE DELINQUENCY DOES NOT TYPICALLY BEGIN with delinquent acts. Rather, it begins with nondelinquent problem behavior† (p. 45). This paper will look at what could be the causes not only for juveniles committing crimes but returning to the behavior of recommitting repeatedly. There have been some studies that were done and findings have shown that from 1984 through 1997 a 71% rise in crimes committed by juveniles that were also violent offences. They also found that there are 200,000 people participating in gang activity in 79 of the biggest cities in the United States (Jenson, & Howard, 1998, p. 325). According to Johnson-Reid, Williams, & Webster (2001), â€Å"It seems more likely that the needs of these youths went undetected before juvenile court involvement for serious delinquent activities† (p. 219). With all the studies that were done, from African-American, to single parents, it was shown that when a child lives in a step family, they can still do well. The reason for this is socialization theory proves that it is an environment that the child can still grow in a healthy manner. The child is having its needs met in a naturing manner (Mullins, 2010, p. 13). Also if the parents aren’t married when the child is born, there are no effects on the child. The child is affected when there is no involvement from the father while growing up (2010, pp. 13-14). The first thing we want to do is look at is who may be at a higher risk for juvenile recidivism. There have been some researches that have shown that children with severe emotional disturbance (SED) could be likely candidates for the court systems that deal with youth (Johnson-Reid, Williams, & Webster, 2001, p. 214). Problems in academics can also be a contributing factor. For instance, if they are in classes where they may have learning disabilities, they may be at a higher risk and find themselves in the court system (Sander, Sharkey, Olivarri, Tanigawa, & Mauseth, 2010, p. 288). According to Sander, et al, (2010), â€Å"Negative school factors include high retention rates, frequent use of expulsion or suspension in discipline policies, infrequent use of positive behavior strategies, ineffective classroom management, poor teacher-student relationships, and weak school-community connections (p. 290). So when the student feels a lack of support from the school, this can lead them down paths of juvenile delinquency instead of causing them to want to do well. Juveniles with learning disabilities and emotional disturbance are becoming prevalent in the court and correction system. A study found that the number of offenders with LD was 35. 6% and the juveniles with ED that was in the corrections was 16-50%. These children had the most amounts of arrests which puts them at a higher risk (Chen, et al, 2011, p. 5). Another risk could be when the father is absent from the youths life and ethnic issues. When a child is growing up in an African American home and the father isn’t absent, the results are as negative as any other race. The father being absent plays a vital role in the behaviors of the children (Mullins, 2011, p. 16). When a mother is an active state of drug addiction it puts her child at a higher risk of psychological problems. A study has shown that the children don’t get medical treatment for the first two years of their lives, which is only the start of the maltreatment that they suffer (Callaghan, Crimmins, & Schweitzer, 2010, p. 223). Suchman (2010), states that â€Å"Parenting problems observed during the children’s first three years of life include poor attachment, responsiveness, adaptability, and structure juxtaposed with heightened physical activity, provocation, and intrusiveness (p. 483). What the child gets or the lack thereof can be from the mothers own problems from her childhood (Suchman, 2010, p. 484). When these mothers had poor parents themselves it gives them a distorted view of how parenting should be. This many times can lead to the mothers abusiveness and neglect for her own child plus the use of drugs on the mothers part (2010, p. 85). Poverty can play a role in problems that children can face. The lacks of medical attention, poor academic success, along with psychological difficulties are some of the challenges that these children face. The contributing factors that they face are drug use, criminal behavior, and not doing well academically. When these youth are constantly exposed to suc h unstable behaviors, it plays a vital role in the outcome of their own lives that can cause them to repeat the learned behaviors (Anthony, 2008, p. 6). Another risk factor for juvenile recidivism is when their parents’ divorce. The divorce can expose them to the difficulties that the parents are having and cause distress on them. (Elonheimo et al, 2010, p. 910). This breakdown in the family unit along with the lack of support for the children can be contributing factors. (According to Elonheimo et al (2010), stated that â€Å"Divorce often entails stressors such as parental conflict, poor child-rearing, changes in parental figures and residence, and reduced income† (p. 910). Some other factors that can contribute to juvenile delinquency can be when the child doesn’t get from the mom or dad what they need in a positive way. Many times the parents just don’t know how to parent in a productive and positive manner. Sometimes the criminal behavior can begin with the parent and it becomes learned behavior for the child. If one or both parents are abusive either to each other or the child it can become a contributing factor also (Latimer, 2001, p. 238). What’s in a name? It does matter what a person names their child. If the name isn’t a popular one then the child may become a delinquent or at least increase the chances. It’s when the home is already below poverty and the parents give their child a name that isn’t appealing that the juvenile may become at risk for negative behavior. The reason for this is because your name gives off a message to others and this is what they use to determine what kind of person you are, it’s that preconception that we all try to use when we meet someone we don’t know (Kalist & Lee, 2009, pp. 39-40). So if we are motivated by how others see us then how does that leave a child when they are viewed in a negative way by their peers, their parents and their surroundings? According to Calhoun, et al (1984), states that â€Å"†¦high self-concept was a product of favorable socialization and steered boys away from delinquency, while low self-concept was the result of unfavorable socialization and provide little resistance to deviancy, delinquent companions† (p. 324). Juvenile recidivism may not begin with who is to blame from the home, the environment surrounding them or even how the juvenile feels about them, but when a child goes from one delinquent behavior into committing negative criminal behavior repeatedly, it becomes more of a problem. This could come from how they are treated in the court system. In 1978 the New York State Juvenile Offender Act was passed and the effect on the courts was profound with the way that the courts treated juvenile offenders. For instance, in the late 1970’s when there were some murders committed by juveniles that drew a lot of attention, the courts used this to cut down on delinquency. The attitude from the people towards juveniles became punishing (Jenson & Howard, 1998, p. 327). According to Jenson & Howard (1998), â€Å"Legislation enabling states to transfer more juveniles to the criminal justice system has had negligible effects on youths’ violent crime rates (p. 328). By incarcerating juveniles with adults it puts them at a higher risk for many side effects. Many of these side effects can include, the juvenile being depressed, and problems with their mental health (Ng, et al, 2010, p. 21). It has been determined that when a juvenile is placed in a prison with adults, the experience is overwhelming for the juvenile. They don’t learn to not commit the crimes but instead they learn an increased amount of criminal behavior from the adults they are with. They are also pushed around by not only the adult inmates but also from the guards that are supposed to be in charge. They are subject to many offences from the adult prisoners in which they can basically do nothing about (Ng, et al, 2010, p. 30). The way that juveniles are treated by the court system also plays a part in how they react to either repeating the crimes or staying out of trouble. According to Vermeiren, et al, (2004), â€Å"Juvenile arrest and court policies range between two extremes: the justice model’, which emphasizes threat to punishment, and the welfare model’, which aims at treating underlying psychosocial causes† (p. 567). Many times it is up to the people dealing with the youth as to what their fate may be. There are factors that can be considered which are how old the youth is, how many is in the group, what color is the skin of the youth, economic status, what the policies are for that area on juvenile delinquency, and how much the police are watching that specific place where the juvenile is picked up from (Vermeiren, 2004, p. 567). So it can be a matter of a juvenile being in the wrong place at the right time for them to get caught. It could be that the youth is influenced by a group of kids to do something that they would not have normally done. If policies can change from being hard on the youth to being involved with the youth to set up programs to change their lives then the rate of recidivism may decline. According to Callagan (2011), â€Å"Regular and frequent parental support and education, as well as medical and developmental reviews for the infant, have been found to be vital in ensuring a positive parent-child relationship, and optimal physical and emotional development (p. 224). So if the child isn’t getting what it needs from the beginning then it is likely that it will affect it for years to come. For substance using mothers that have been found to have abusive or neglectful behaviors towards their children, it was found that the mothers can change their parenting behaviors towards their children. The lack of attachment that is between the child and mother can change by the mother receiving counseling. These changes can occur in a limited amount of time (Suchman, et al, 2010, p. 501). Options for juvenile delinquents aren’t just putting them into prison but instead it’s protecting them from becoming at risk in the first place. According to Jenson & Howard (1998), ‘Communities can prevent delinquency by designing programs that address known risk factors for antisocial behavior† (p. 331). If we begin to deal with these juveniles at an early stage of their lives it is more likely that the risk factors can be reduced instead of waiting till the problems are already there. What they gain from their academics can make a difference also. If their academics are of a poor quality then that can put them at a higher risk of juvenile recidivism (Chen, 2011, p. 15). Some form of punishment is needed when it comes to juvenile delinquent behavior, but it should be appropriate and helpful. According to Ng, et al (2010), â€Å"While they should be punished for crimes committed, the repercussions of punishment in the form of damage to mental health could have long-term consequences that in the end translate into burdens for the society (p. 32). There are many ways of helping juveniles even after they are in the system and have a criminal history. A form of mediation called Family Group Conferencing or FGC. This is where the offender and the family and the victim would have someone who mediates between them. The outcome many times is to bring restitution emotionally and maybe even materialistically (Baffour, 2006, p. 557). When trying to help someone who has a history of criminal behavior it is important to do it in a way that it will be beneficial. According to Baffour (2006), â€Å"Three major paradigms have been advanced to address criminal treatment strategies: retribution, rehabilitation, and restoration (p. 559). We first look at retributive, where the criminal will have punitive consequences for their behavior. Then we want to make sure that they get rehabilitated as much as it is possible, whether it be drug abuse treatment, therapy for them and for their family. We also want them to know that what they did was wrong and they should have accountability for what they did. This will entail the victim being involved with getting help also (Baffour, 2006, p. 559). One way of intervention for juvenile recidivism is to place the youth into a program that has a limited time for them to stay. This would be a program that is community supported versus placing the youth into a residential treatment program. While the youth is in the program they would receive help that included the whole family. For the juvenile that went willingly there was a decrease in juvenile recidivism as compared to the ones that were made to go somewhere without their consent (Latimer, 2001, p. 244). When looking at the issues with black males and how they cope with having fathers that aren’t involved in their lives, there are some that seem to do well with it and some that don’t do as well. A 25% incline of homes without fathers is on the rise within the 40 years. Some of these homes have not only the influence of the mom but also the grandmother. According to Cartwright, et al, (2012), â€Å"The absence of fathers is a major factor in many issues such as crime and delinquency, premature sexuality, poor educational achievement, and poverty, which have negatively impacted society (pp. 29-30). So with that being said a study followed five males that were African American. These males were found to be in college and grew up in homes without the father present. Looking at what made the difference for them that didn’t work for many others that end up being repeat offenders in the system (2012, p. 31). What made the difference that was made for these males that others may of not or maybe they didn’t have enough of it. According to Cartwright, (2011), â€Å"†¦(a) a male role model or mentor, (b) a supportive mother, (c) wanting to achieve an education, (d) respect for their fathers, and (e) resiliency (p. 34). For a boy to have a male role model that can be positive can be important because there are things that they aren’t able to say to their moms that having a male in their life can make a difference (2012, p. 34). These young men are aware of how they are viewed by the people around them because they are black. Much of society’s influences come from what they see on television. It is important for these men to not be the way society sees them but instead to be the way they want to be and show society that they are different (2012, p. 35). The respectfulness that they felt for their fathers could have been what kept them from feeling anger that many young men feel when their fathers aren’t present in their lives (2012, p. 36). By teaching young black children that don’t have a father in the home that they can obtain an education it can help to get them on a right track (2012, 38).

Law and Language

One can`t deny that the interplay between our daily lives and law is pivotal to our existence. Even when we are breathing, Article 21 of our constitution protects us. When we buy some product from a shop, taxes imposed under various laws play a role in determining the cost of that product. These are just few of the various examples that we encounter in our daily life which exhibit the role of law in our everyday lives. But to know what the law is and to understand it, so that we can act accordingly, one needs to have some command over the language. Even in common law countries where we witness unwritten laws, precedents have cardinal place. And to use those precedents appropriately we need to understand the judgments. Also, judges need to use the right words at the right time to convey the real purpose of the precedent. Law and language are inter-related for even language operates on certain laws. We have various rules and laws of grammar, which if broken, would take away the essence of the language. I always had a few questions regarding this topic lingering in my mind. Why is legal language so complicated? How do lawyers twist it according to their advantage? How easy judges find it to interpret the legal jargon? Is there even a need for legalese? How has the language, the law is written in, affected the awareness among people? There are more questions that I await an answer for and this project has given me a great opportunity to look for those answers THE INTERVIEW For the same purpose I interviewed Sri V. Srinivasa Sivaram, Administrative Officer, Andhra Pradesh State Legal Services Authority. â€Å"The National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) has been constituted under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 to provide free Legal Services to the weaker sections of the society and to organize Lok Adalats for amicable settlement of disputes. In every State, State Legal Services Authority has been constituted to give effect to the policies and directions of the NALSA and to give free legal services to the people and conduct Lok Adalats in the State.. † With his experience and connect to the local people, I felt he would be able to answers my questions. I thank him for giving his valuable time for me. Here is an excerpt of the interview Q. Sir, you are associated with Andhra Pradesh Legal Services Authority, and many financially distressed people who can’t afford a lawyer approach you for help. What level of legal awareness do you find amongst these people about their rights and duties especially when the laws and statutes are written in English? A. Since I`m working with the legal service authority for past some time, one thing that I find is that people don’t come to us because they have some right or a duty. They come to us because they have a problem. It may be related to law or may not be related to law. 90% of the times, we have to find out what the law is with respect to their problem. The people approaching us are not aware if a law can help them and if so, which law. They are aware that if they have a problem and they are approaching legal service authority, then we will help them. Many a times I have spoken to people and asked them â€Å"How did you come to know of legal service? † The most common reply is sir, we have been told or we heard it on TV or Radio. After they approach us, we have to find the remedy for them and most importantly look if that remedy is within the four corners of law. They are not aware of the law in that respect. They just have a problem in hand and they come to us, looking for remedy, and asking whether law can help them or not. Q. For many disputes, the local people first approach the district court and then may appeal in higher courts. Do the district courts work in the local language or in English? What is your opinion regarding this. A. With respect to this question, I would like to tell you that both local languages and English are used. If a person is illiterate or he doesn’t understand English well, especially when you have to conduct a trial, when you ask during chief examination or during cross examination, the local language is the best thing Q. Do the courts give the judgment i. e. s the written judgment in regional language or is the usage of regional language restricted for oral purposes only? A. For the time being, it is totally in English. But the judges are not stopped from using the regional language. For example, one of friends has given a couple of judgments in Telugu also. But doing so is very difficult. The hindrances that they encounter are numerous. When they have to rewrite a c ase law or quote a case from Supreme Court it becomes virtually very difficult to quote it in Telugu.. We also have latin maxims that would be adding to this difficulty. You are right. We cannot quote them in regional language. We may not pass on the meaning properly. If you quote Evidence Act in Hindi or Telugu, I tell you, it will be a nightmare! Although we are very proficient in Hindi and Telugu, on trying to do so, we couldn’t succeed. Try converting a judgment by Hon`ble Judge Krishna Iyer into your local language or Telugu, it will be a disaster! Even people who are conversant in English find it difficult to understand his judgment. The language is highly complex, full with rhetoric. Many Supreme Court judgments are in such a way that a common man can`t understand it. This also applies to people who are well familiar with English. Until and unless one doesn’t have the knowledge of the legal jargon used, they can`t comprehend it. Q. The laws are basically for the people. But with the complicated language they are written in, a person finds it very difficult to read through them. Do you think there is a need to simplify legal language? A. It is high time that the legal language is simplified. One thing that we see is, for a simple word example may or shall, battles are fought in court. The Supreme Court may end up saying ‘may’ is not ‘may’, it is ‘shall’ and ‘shall’ is ‘may’! Because the interpretation of such basic words takes place in different ways, a common man can`t understand it. Yes Sir, I do remember a case ‘State Of Madhya Pradesh vs Azad Bharat Finance Co’. Here under an Act, although the District court interpreted the use of word ‘shall’ as obligatory, the Supreme Court interpreted it as â€Å" The word ‘shall' is not always mandatory; it depends upon the context in which the word occurs and the other circumstances. † Yes. We have many other examples. Few years back when a question arose if a written statement has to be filed within 90 days of the amended CPC, it was said that NO although the word used is shall. If this is the fate of the people who know law, then imagine the plight of the common man. Q. I agree with you sir. But if the legal language is simplified, doesn’t it leaves some loopholes that maybe misused by many? A. Look, even now it is happening. You write one line and the lawyers are bound to pick up loop holes in that one line also. This is so, because we have been taught to do that! Every lawyer tries to use the words according to his own convenience and the benefit of his client. Q. What approach do you adopt while interpretation of any law. Is it a positivist approach strictly based on the language and the words used or you try to look into the history and spirit of the law? A. I prefer to go by the spirit of the law. We don’t have access to the constitutional debates. In lower courts, when we have to go about finding what is the meaning and the spirit of the law, unless you see the original framework of the law, you don’t know why it was written. I do remember the case of ‘Baljeet Singh vs Election Commission Of India And .. ’ Here the petitioner argued that a member of parliament takes an oath to ‘make and subscribe’ to the constitution of India. Hence the interpretation is that each and every legislator must be literate to understand the India`s constitution. The Supreme Court referred back to the constitutional assembly debate and concluded that literacy was never meant to be an extra qualification to be a member of parliament. The purpose behind such an oath was to promote national unity and not to make literacy a pre-requisite condition. Yes. Sometimes if you don’t know the intention behind a law, you can`t come to any particular conclusion about its meaning. If you have access, well and good but many lower courts don’t have access to constitutional debates. An Act or statute may give you two or three lines about its purpose, but if you want to go further you don’t have access to that thing. So, if there is a conflict you will interpret it in a manner as you feel proper. But certain situations demand interpretation using the strict language rule. This has been played by the higher courts in many ways! And since we say that Supreme Court judgment is the law of the land, we are bound to end up in confusion. Let me put forth one example. A question arose whether a company can be prosecuted or not for criminal actions. The punishment prescribed includes both fine and imprisonment. One interpretation was that since a company is not a real person and you can`t throw it in jail, hence only a fine will be imposed. But the Supreme Court said that since you can`t put the company in jail, you can`t inflict the punishment prescribed in the act, hence the ntire proceeding were quashed. Subsequently, after few months another judgment came, in which another company, I`m not sure but maybe Standard Chartered Bank, relying on the earlier judgment, pleaded for the quashing of the procedures. But this time, it was held that although we can`t put you in jail; you are liable to pay the fine. Another important issue is the way a common man interprets a law is very different. Let me put to you an exampl e I came across. In rural areas, when I spoke to some people, they are aware that there is a law that deals with harassment. But for them, harassment is any kind of harassment. A woman claimed since her husband drinks and doesn’t contribute much for the family, he is harassing me. Technically, you can`t stop a person from drinking. They hold very different perception of the same law. Some lawyers take them for a ride. When such women approach them, they suggest filling a suit under sec498 which deals with dowry harassment! This obviously leads to exploitation as they mint money in spite of knowing that no remedy lies in law. Q. Sir, this situation is dangerous. People may develop wrong perceptions that law can`t help them and may lose faith in the system. Doesn’t it demand spreading awareness among people. A. You are right. We do take measures to spread some awareness. For example, we have a regular programme on etv in which a judge tries to answer the queries of the people and explain the remedy to them. I came across a group of LGBT. Although they came from a village, they were well aware about sec 377 and were speaking on how it is unconstitutional. Then they told me how a sensitization programme was carried out by an NGO in Telugu. So, laws aren’t that difficult to understand, if explained properly Q,CLAT[common law admission test] for admission to the National Law schools is conducted in English. Do you think, the exam should be conducted in other regional languages to increase diversity and access? A. You should answer this question better!. Well the entire situation can be summed up in one or two lines. Whether the legal education should be in local language or English? No doubt, the language may act as a barrier. But in a country having about 28 states with different languages, if the Supreme Court has to read from Gujurati to Malayalam, then it would be a nightmare for everybody. The statutes and legislations are in English. An exact translation in any other language is not possible. The exact meaning may be lost. We can`t avoid English. Now, we have got used to a procedure where we use both regional language and English. The legislations are in English, debates, judgments all are in English. As I said, we can`t have literal translation of each and every word. Thus, my point is legal education has to take place in English. But at the same time, I don’t deny that regional language would prove to be beneficial, but practically, you need legal education in English medium. Q. Finally, how do you as a judge, view the connection between law and language? Do you think the efficiency of a judge or advocate would be affected due to lack of knowledge in a particular language? A. I have come across many people who can put forth extremely strong arguments in regional language. But they would have become better lawyers had they been proficient in English. But you will see, many a times being good in English won`t help you if you don’t have a command over the regional language too. When a client approaches with any problem, you should be able enough to connect with them, so that they can openly discuss the issues at hand with them. You can explain the law to them in their language so that they understand better and discuss the appropriate remedy. Many a times, if you want to cross-examine a witness you need to do that in his local language. If the poor guy is not well versed in English, then he may say something with some different meaning, which obviously you see would land him in trouble. Now-a-days we have technological tools in the Internet that help us to translate. That day I wanted to read an article on mediation which was in a language, I wasn’t familiar with. This translation tool helped me to translate it in English and the contents too were satisfactory. So in the contemporary times, with internet you can remove a lot of disadvantages. CONCLUSION The interview was a interesting one for it helped me broaden my horizons on the general public conceptions of law. Sri V. Srinivasa Sivaram rightly pointed out to me the problems that plagued the system, which never came to my notice before. But since this project is about the relation of law and language, I would like to narrow down on that issue. Most of his answers were convincing. English can`t be entirely avoided. With the diversity in languages that we have, what a statute may mean in one language, would mean something else in the other as literal translation is not possible every time. But this doesn’t mean neglecting regional languages. They need to work side-by-side which evidently is witnessed esp. in the working of lower courts. This is so because it is obviously beneficial for public good. All Laws are made for a reason and purpose. They sometimes seek to repair a defect prevalent in the system. So, the courts should move beyond the interplay of words. Legal jargon or legalese needs to be simplified. I would like to quote Mr. Sivaram on this issue. He aptly illustrates why legalese should be restricted. â€Å"One maybe proficient in English, but if they are told to read Physics or Chemistry, then they wont be able to. Law is for the people. It governs and regulates the action and life of the people. Thus, it should be in a way that people can ordinarily understand.

Ethics Essay

The case study of Jerry McCall, one of the medical assistants in Dr. William’s office, describes one of the many challenges that occur on a daily basis while working in a doctor’s office. There are many different levels of staff present in an office that have an array of different job duties and scopes of practice. Jerry was presented with a patient that was in need of a prescription refill on a medication that he is not allowed to issue without direct authorization from the physician. Unfortunately for Jerry he was covering a lunch break and the only one in the office at that time. There are a number of different ethical decisions that Jerry is faced with in which we will cover below. Jerry’s medical training as a medical assistant does not include the release of any type of refill of prescription medications without the authorization or direction from the physician. The scope of practice for a medical assistant includes performing â€Å"administrative and certain clinical duties under the direction of physician. Administrative duties may include scheduling appointments, maintaining medical records, billing, and coding for insurance purposes. Clinical duties may include taking and recording vital signs and medical histories, preparing patients for examination, drawing blood, and administering medications as directed by physician† (Medical Assistant Job Description, 1997-2013). It is also stated in the case study that Jerry is a Licensed Practical Nurse, which is also only to refill a prescription under the direction of the physician. Would it make a difference if the medication requested were for control of high blood pressure that the patient critically needs on a daily basis? There should not be a difference between what types of medications Jerry is asked to authorize to refill for a patient. This type of duty is not part of the medical assistant’s scope of practice. There are other alternatives that Jerry can turn to in order to problem-solve this situation that will be discussed below. If Jerry calls in the refill and the patient has an adverse reaction while flying, is Jerry protected from a lawsuit under the doctrine of respondent superior? The doctrine of respondent superior is a â€Å"legal doctrine most commonly used in tort, that holds an employer or principal legally responsible for the wrongful acts of an employee or agent, if such acts occur within the scope of the employment or agency† (Cornell University Law School, 2010). This is stating that the physician is also responsible and can be held accountable for the actions of Jerry. Jerry must practice within the scope of practice set for medical assistants and within his job description. The physician can be held liable by the patient and can have charges pressed on him based on this doctrine. The advice I would have for Jerry is to make sure he is looking at this situation as if it were the governing board for medical assistants looking at the same issue. He should not make a decision that is above his job description and out of his scope of practice. This could cause serious problems leading to Jerry possible losing his job. Jerry has a code of ethics that he needs to abide. The patient’s safety should be what Jerry is concerned with. Major legal and ethical issues that may affect Jerry’s decision are very clear in this situation. If Jerry authorizes this prescription without the physician’s direction he is practicing outside of his scope as a medical assistant and will lose not only his job, but his license. Ethically, he is knowingly performing an illegal act and can be held accountable for this in a court of law. Some problem-solving methods that might be helpful to assist in making an ethical decision are for Jerry to review his code of ethics. This will educate Jerry that â€Å"the code of ethics of American Association of Medical Assistants shall set forth principles of ethical and moral conduct as they relate to the medical profession and the particular practice of medical assisting, render service with full respect for the dignity of humanity, and uphold the honor and high principles of the profession and accept its disciplines† (Fremgen, 2009, p. 328). Another ethical way to problem-solve this issue it to simply call the physician to let him know this patient is in need of a refill which needs to be called in as soon as possible for the patient. This will place the responsibility back to the physician where it should be. Jerry should instruct the patient that authorizing a refill without the physician’s direction is against the law, and Jerry will notify the physician right away to make him aware of the patient’s needs. In conclusion, Jerry should stick to his code of ethics as a medical assistant and handle the prescription dilemma as any medical assistant should do within his scope of practice. Jerry should also take into consideration that any ethical decisions he makes can result in the physician he works for being held accountable for Jerry’s actions. The advice for Jerry to call the physician to make him aware of the patients needs would allow him to make the best ethical and legal decision available. Like any working professional, Jerry is held to a code of ethics that he took a vow to uphold, and should remember this when dealing with the safety of any patient.

Challenges Facing the Field of Organizational Change Management

In the modern day business world, organizations are facing more changes than it has been witnessed ever before. One of the factors that have brought about the rapid change is globalization that has led to an increase in today’s market’s growth and revenue increase. Organizational change management is a field that gives guidelines for preparation, equipping and supporting individuals to be successful in adopting change with the view of driving organizational success and outcomes. However most of the changes and individuals are unique, research has proven that some actions can be taken to influence affected people in their transitions. It is a discipline that provides a structured approach of how individuals can be supported in their organization to be able to successfully transit from their current status to that if the future  (Dyer, 2017). Most precisely, organizational change management is a framework that is aimed at managing the effect of new business processes ch anges in the structure of an organization or enterprise cultural changes. While there are laid approaches towards change management, there also exist several challenges in the same field  (Buchanan, 2014). The primary aim of this paper is to explore the challenges facing the organizational change management field. The exploration will involve a literature review in the challenges facing the field of organizational change management followed by a critique of the same. Different authors have taken an interest in the subject of organizational change management, probably because it is a critical subject that determines how organizations are likely to adapt to changes in their organizations. According to different schools of thought, various challenges are associated in the field. However different authors take different angles in analyzing the challenges, their arguments seem to have a common focal point. According to one school of thought, organizations either change or remain the same. According to the author, one of the challenges in the field of organizational change management is resistance to change. The author argues that people are status quo biased and that they are willing to get low pay struggling to get into a stable organization  (Gioia, 2016). He further argues that resistance to change usually has political motives and that people tend to resist changes whose origin is political adversaries. He argues that people may resist a change directly either through political influence or indirectly through passive aggressive behavior. According to the author, another challenge is an unknown current state. He says that it would be difficult for an architect to repair a building without first looking at the existing blueprints. He claims that most of the organizations often try to change without having a glimpse at their blueprints, something that fuels the complexity of the building’s architecture. This blind move makes it difficult to transition to a future state  (Lewis, 2017). Another challenge is integration. The author likens managing a large organization to repairing an aircraft while it's still on the flight. He says that change is a moving target and therefore implementing a process will change the business processes it supports. He further argues that changing n organizational structure will lead to employee turnover occurring in parallel. He concludes by saying that long-running changes with many integration points are usually prone to failure. Another challenge according to this author is competitive forces. He says that in most of the times organizational change is influenced by external forces such as competition, technological change, market conditions, external threats and economic forces. Organizations may plan to change to respond to external threats. He argues that however if a competitor releases a product that is many years ahead of your product chances are there that you are driven to an extreme pace of change whose likelihood of failure is too high  (De Massis, 2018). According to the same author, another challenge in the organizational change management field is complexity. He says that when organizations develop more complex systems, processes and product change become very challenging to make and therefore complexity of a change is a big barrier. He argues that complex changes need an effective and efficient project, quality, knowledge, risk and change management. He concludes by giving a change management principle that says that one should never tackle a change which is too complex for his organization to manage. According to another school of thought, one of the challenges facing organizational change management is planning. The author argues that without stepwise planning an organizational change would bring about more problems than the benefits it is anticipated to bring. He argues that you need to precisely need to know which changes are to take place and how they’ll occur. Overall, the author advises prior planning of how the change will be executed. According to the same author, another challenge is lack of consensus  (Ololube, 2017). He argues that failing to involve everyone in the corporate changes will lead to increased barriers to the change execution. He advises that a decision to make corporate changes should originate from the top organizational level. He also says that the associated management level staff should be present to be in a position to deal with the challenges otherwise the staff will dissent. Another challenge according to the same author is failing communication. He argues that failing to communicate to all employees in the organization beforoe the change brings about fear and rumors in the entire organization especially if facing major changes such as downsizing or emergence. Communication failure brings about the uncertainty that makes the employees feel that they are not part of the decision  (Pettigrew, 2016). He advises involvement of employees and updating them regarding the plans and progress towards the implementation of the change. Another challenge is employee resistance. He argues that sometimes employees resist change especially when they had become comfortable with the way their organization runs. It is because they have been used to what is expected of them in the organization. He argues that some major changes disrupt the familiarity of the employees thereby making them upset. In this case, the employees are not willing to relearn their jobs or change th e way they used to undertake their duties. That becomes an enorbigmous challenge. He concludes by advising that provision of training for any new responsibilities as well as supporting then will ease the transition. Now, according to another school of thought, one of these challenges is lack of employee involvement. He argues that that is the main and common barrier to effective change management  (Senge, 2015). He argues that most of the employees have a fear towards change and that there is the likelihood that even the most loyal employees would resist the change if they were not involved. He further argues that failing to involve employees in the change execution process lead to fear of the unknown and the lack of desire to support the change which eventually becomes very challenging  (Grosser, 2015). According to the same author, another challenge is lack of effective communication strategy. He argues that in some organizations when some of the top leaders announce a change and assume that people will automatically adjust to the new change which is not the case  (Meyer, 2015). The author argues that this approach is the silliest way to introduce a change and therefore it usually leads to change resistance. He says that employees need to know how the change will affect them as well as how they will be able to adapt it. Another challenge according to this school of thought is bad culture shift planning. The author argues that sometimes the planning team lacks the idea that the change will affect the people. He claims that in most of the times the team concentrates on planning the administrative structure, job responsibilities and work reporting structure ignoring decisions regarding feelings and intuitions. By so doing, that becomes a challenge to change management  (Kiefer, 2014). Another challenge according to this author is an unknown current state. He says that many organizations tend to introduce and to implement a change without assessing and understanding their current blueprint. He suggests that this can be overcome through a full understanding of the current corporate's blueprint before formulating or implementing any change. Another challenge is organizational complexity. He argues that sometimes organizations start developing complex processes, something that makes the process of planning and implementing a change very challenging  (Stensaker, 2015). He argues that these complexities include complex products, processes, and systems which act as change barriers because they are difficult for the organization members to understand. He suggests a solution that an organization can counter this barrier by making use of a quality, diligent and effective change management approach  (Tushman, 2016). He says that it is wise not to tackle a change that is too complex for an organization. He also advises that it is not wise to implement complex changes if the organization does not have the maturity to handle the complex change. According to the literature review conducted above concerning the challenges facing the organizational change management field, it has been evident that different authors have different approaches to the same subject as well as different thoughts and ideas. However, at some point, their arguments have the same baseline. In considering the first author, his arguments are precisely true, and much evidence has been garnered to support the arguments. As seen in the above literature review, the author has come up with the challenges that are facing organizations in the contemporary world. It seems that the author conducted enough research to know what the modern day organizations are facing  (Kuipers, 2015). The explanations provided by the author are valid and convincing. Taking an example, the author said that one of the challenges facing organizational change management is resistance to change. He began by hinting that people are status quo biased and went ahead to prove the same by showing that they can easily opt to get a lower pay to get into a stable organization rather than getting a higher pay in a changing organization. He goes ahead and provides the reason as to why people may resist change and finally illustrates how they resist the change. That is a sure indication of enough pre-conducted research on the study topic. However the author has strong points, he is too brief. The author is dedicated to tackling key points rather than giving full explanations, and this is one of the drawbacks of his piece. According to his principle on complexity barrier, organizations should not tackle complex changes  (Buck, 2015). This principle, however workable, is a discouragement to organizations as it drives that view that some impossibilities in change management are beyond solution  (Kiel, 2014). That is not true, in the business world, every problem has a solution, and therefore the author should have given a solution to the problem rather than arguing for not giving it a trial. The second author has taken the topic at a different angle. He has looked at the challenges of organizational change management from the employee’s point of view rather than the organizational point of view. He has looked at the factors that may make the employees unwilling to adjust to the change such as poor planning, poor communication as well as lack of consensus. The arguments are true and have enough explanations. The author has in fact taken time to deeply explain his arguments so that they can be easily understood. The challenges given by the author apply to organizations in the modern day business world and thus helpful. While his arguments are true and practical, the author should not have looked at the challenges in the employees’ point of view only  (Cameron, 2015). The author should also have looked at the same in the organization perspective such as competitive forces, an unknown current state among others. That would have been more helpful. The third author has not done any research concerning the subject. His arguments are just a copy cut of the first author’s arguments. As seen from the literature review, the same challenges given by the first author are the same challenges given by the third author. The author lacks originality and distortion of initial message in the zeal of attaining uniqueness is evident. His arguments are weak with the usage of offensive words such as â€Å"the silliest approach.† Overall, the author has not introduced anything new on the subject. Change is indisputably one of the hardest things to adapt. This fact poses a major threat to companies wishing to change their structure, systems or operations with the fear that the affected stakeholders may not be willing to accept the change. Many authors have given several challenges, but the bottom line is that employees will hardly accept and adopt changes. However, there is an opportunity to provide solutions for these challenges by proper planning and involving all the affected members. Therefore, organizations should not be afraid of making major changes especially if they bring positive impacts to the company. Buchanan, D., 2014. No going back: A review of the literature on sustaining organizational change. International Journal of Management Reviews, 4(8), pp.43-69. Buck, T., 2015. Long-term orientation and international joint venture strategies in modern China. International Business Review, 6(89), pp.58-64. Cameron, E., 2015. Making sense of change management. 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